Deep Dive #8: Organoids
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Overview
Organoids have emerged as a potential solution to many challenges in early-stage drug development and have the potential to reduce costs while improving translation of pre-clinical safety and efficacy studies. More recent advances in the space have also opened the possibility of using organoids as part of regenerative medicine or precision medicine therapies. At a high level, organoids are 3-dimensional cell cultures meant to mimic the micro anatomy and behavior of human organs. Formally, they are defined as self-organizing 3D structures grown from stem cells that mimic the in vivo environment, architecture and multi-lineage differentiation of the original organoids. They can be established from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), collectively known as PSC-derived organoids, or from adult stem cells (ASCs) which are obtained by resection or biopsy of organs from donors. Generally, they are grown in a cell culture plate or bioreactor and begin to resemble the desired structure of the desired tissue type in ~3 weeks.